17 December 2024
Saturnalia Surprise: Special Guest Post by Alison Morton, Author of the Roma Nova Series #HistoryWritersAdvent24
16 December 2024
"A Festive Betrothal." Special Guest Post by Amy McElroy, Author of Mary Tudor: Queen of France #HistoryWritersAdvent24
On Sunday 17 December 1508, the whole Tudor court gathered at Richmond Palace. This day was going to be a grand occasion; it was a day for a betrothal. Henry VII was seated on a dais whilst the rest of the court, including Henry, Prince of Wales and Katherine of Aragon were amongst those gathered to witness this momentous occasion. Henry VII had already succeeded in marrying two of his children; Margaret had married James IV of Scotland five years earlier, and Prince Arthur had married Katherine of Aragon, although Arthur had sadly died in 1502. On this day he would see his daughter Mary betrothed into one of the most powerful dynasties in Europe. Mary was about to be betrothed to Charles, Prince of Castile.
Charles was the son of Philip of Burgundy and Juana, queen of Castile, sister to Katherine of Aragon. His grandfathers, Maximilan, Holy Roman Emperor, and Ferdinand I of Aragon, between them, wielded much power within Europe. However, neither of these were present. By this point Philip was dead and Ferdinand was acting on behalf of his daughter to govern her realm of Castile, alleging her mental incapacity as a reason to do so. Philip and Juana had previously been guests, though unexpectedly, of Henry VII in 1506 when their ship blew off course. Negotiations for Mary’s betrothal had been ongoing since this time. Despite many setbacks, the day had finally arrived.
The young princess stood at the foot of the dais below her father, whilst Lord de Berghes, acting as proxy for Charles stood to the side. William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury began proceedings with a long speech about the benefits of the union and the blessings of friendship between the two realms. Representing Charles’ court, Jean le Sauvaige, President of Flanders also delivered a speech. With the long speeches over it was time to commence with vows. Lord de Berghes went first, holding Mary’s hand and repeating the vows in the present tense as they were spoken by Sauvaige. When it came to Mary, she took the hand of de Berghes and spoke her vows in French;
‘I, Mary, by you John, Lord of Berg, commissary and procurator of the most high and puissant Prince Charles, by the grace of God Prince of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy, etc. hereto by his commission and special procuration constituted and ordained, by your means and signifying this to me – take the said Lord Charles to my husband and spouse, and consent to him as to my husband and spouse. And to him and to you for him, I promise that henceforward, during my natural life, I will have, hold, and repute him as my husband and spouse; and for this I plight my troth to him and to you for him’.
With the vows over, de Berghes kissed Mary and placed a gold ring on her finger. After the ratifications had all been completed, the court attended Mass before the celebratory feasts and jousting took place over the following days. Mary was now Princess of Castile, and watched the jousting from her place of honour along with her sister-in-law Katherine of Aragon and their ladies. Henry VII is often referred to as being a miser but he certainly was not when it came to his family. He happily met all the costs of the betrothal but also paid for wine and food to be available for the inhabitants of London to share in the celebration.
The final day of celebrations consisted of a banquet where Charles’ embassy presented their new princess with gifts. Amongst the gifts was a piece of jewellery, sent by her betrothed. Sadly we do not know what this item was, but we do know it featured a golden letter ‘K’ for Karolus (Charles) set with diamonds and pearls. The words ‘Maria optimam partem elegit, quӕ non auferetur ab eâ’ (Mary chose the best part, which shall not be taken away from her) were engraved. Mary also received a large diamond with pearls and a ruby on behalf of Maximilian amongst other gifts.
With the celebrations concluded, Henry VII asked the embassy if they would like to remain at court to celebrate the festive season but they declined, leaving the court to return home. As the court began to prepare for the coming Christmas period, negotiations and preparations were now underway for Mary to travel to the court of Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy, aunt of Charles, and regent of the Netherlands. Despite being a princess, Mary would need assistance in learning the customs of Charles’ court, although it wasn’t all bad as it meant new fashions and dances, something Mary likely relished the thought of. For now however, Mary could remain with her family and celebrate Christmas and the gift-giving season at New Year.
If you would like to read more about Mary, my book Mary Tudor, Queen of France, is currently available for preorder and will be published in February 2025. If you would like to support an independent bookshop, Mary can be ordered directly from Fox Lane Books and will be sent signed and dedicated. Preorder here: PRE-ORDER Mary Tudor: Queen of France - with SIGNED bookplate - out 28/2/25 | Fox Lane Books
Amy McElroy
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Amy enjoys seeing her family back in Liverpool, especially her little furry assistant in the form of cavapoo Cooper, and visiting her dad in Spain, especially in the summer. You can find out more about Amy at her blog - https://amymcelroy.blog/ and follow her on Facebook and Twitter @AmyMc_Books
15 December 2024
Special Guest Post by Rosemary Griggs, Author of A Woman of Noble Wit, #HistoryWritersAdvent24
For many of us in 21st century England, Christmas is an excuse for family gatherings, eating too much, and an orgy of gift giving. Decorations go up earlier every year — when we checked out of one lovely hotel during our summer progress this year, the Christmas tree was already on display in reception. It was mid August! (Admittedly, they did substantial business hosting Christmas feasts, but even so!)
Christmas is also a welcome holiday from work, a chance to re-charge the batteries before a New Year begins. It’s also a time to make plans for the next year, to look forward, to give thanks for our blessings, and to help those in need.
I’ve been thinking about what Christmas was like for the people of Tudor England, and how important that mid-winter break must have been for them.
In the sixteenth century, winters were long and extremely cold. The Tudor and Elizabethan years fell within the ‘Little Ice Age’, which lasted from around 1300 to 1850. During that time average temperatures plummeted — some estimates suggest by as much as by 3.6°F in Europe and North America.
Occasionally, even mighty rivers like the Thames froze so hard that horses and carts could cross. It’s often suggested that Henry VIII and his third wife, Jane Seymour, crossed the ice-bound Thames when travelling from Whitehall to Greenwich, either on horseback, or in a sleigh, during the winter of 1536–37. The Chronicler, Windsor Herald, Charles Wriothesley, says:
‘… the Kinge’s Grace, the Queen’s Grace, and my ladye Marye, the kings daughter, tooke their horses at the sayde Pallase of Westmynster accompanied with a goodlye company of lords, ladyes, and gentellmen, and so roode from thense through the cittye of London to Grenwych …
… The cause of the kings rydinge through London was because the Tames was so frosynne that there might no boots [boats] go there on for yse [ice].’
Whether the King and his wife of six months rode across the frozen river or took a safer route over London, Bridge is uncertain, but the river certainly froze.
Henry’s daughter Elizabeth also saw frequent grim winters throughout her reign. For example, in 1564-65 the frost set in on December 7 and from Christmas Day until January 13, the river remained frozen. It’s said that boys played football on the ice and shot “at marks”, and the Queen practiced archery on the frozen surface. The river froze over some 24 times between the early 1600s and 1814, and people often enjoyed frost fairs.
That may sound like fun, but for ordinary people, such weather added an extra burden to already harsh lives. Severe frosts often continued from October to April. Travel was difficult, while frost, snow and storms disrupted the farming year. The frozen or waterlogged ground delayed spring planting, and hail damaged crops. This often led to poor harvest, food prices rocketing, scarcity and even famine. The 1590s was the coldest decade of the 16th century, with a run of terrible summers and very harsh winters, leading to an Elizabethan ‘cost-of-living crisis’.
At the start of the Tudor period, the population of England totalled 2.2 million. By 1600, it had grown to 4.1 million. Wages increased much slower than prices; as a result, real wages of agricultural workers, labourers and skilled artisans fell by about 60 per cent over the course of the century.
The dissolution of the monasteries in 1536-40, and closing down religious guilds, fraternities, almshouses, and hospitals, had taken away much of the institutional fabric which had provided charity for the poor. Many people experienced severe hardship, and civil unrest followed. Acts of Parliament in 1597-98 and 1601, the first ‘Poor Laws’, aimed to prevent starvation and to control public order.
Amid such testing conditions, the twelve days of Christmas must have come as a welcome relief; a time when most people could feel warmer, eat a little better than usual, and take a break from the relentless toil of day-to-day life. In far-flung rural communities, the local nobility and gentry opened their doors and invited many to share the warmth of their fireside and to eat at their Christmas table. It was as a time for hospitality and giving alms to the poor, not just an excuse for one long party.
For twelve whole days, the only work carried out was feeding any livestock that had escaped the November cull, and putting food on the table for the Christmas feasts. They locked the plough in the church on Christmas Eve, and only brought it out again on Plough Monday, (the Monday after Twelfth night). This stopped any of the men waking on a crisp New Year’s morning tempted to set out to plough the top field. Similarly, the women who usually sat at their spinning wheels would weave boughs of greenery, ivy, and holly into the spokes, avoiding any temptation to work.
As in earlier Roman and Saxon festivals, decking the halls with greenery signified hope that after the dark days of winter, spring would return. The mid winter holiday marked the turning of the year.
With all of that in mind, it’s not surprising that Christmas festivities often feature in the stories I write about women who lived in Devon during those turbulent Tudor years. Here’s an extract form “A Woman of Noble Wit’ about a Christmas that is a turning point in young Katherine Champernowne’s life. She’s been with her grandmother at Mohun’s Ottery, learning how to be a lady. After her grandmother dies, she returns to Modbury, feeling very sad. Not until Twelfth night does she cheer up.
In the end it was Arthur who made her smile. He had the portion of the Twelfth Night cake which held the dried pea. What a time that little boy had as Prince of the Pea; his mirth so infectious that even Eliza, who seemed almost as sad as Katherine, had to laugh. Arthur was nearly six years old, but thought himself already a man. How he revelled in his powers, giving out ever more audacious commands. He ordered Father to sit on the floor amongst the dogs, Mother to dance on the table, and the girls to wear their headdresses backwards. The minstrels played, Arthur strutted around, and the waves of uncontrollable laughter that engulfed them all seemed to release a spring in Katherine. She started to emerge from her despair like a moth carefully shedding its dark pupa and gingerly spreading its wings.
14 December 2024
Guest Post by Loretta Bushell : How to Write a Historical Fiction Story That Stands Out #Writing #HistoricalFiction
Loretta Bushell writes for Reedsy, a marketplace that connects authors with resources and professionals to help them publish their dream book. Loretta is also a part-time translator and spends her spare time reading books of all genres (except horror!) and playing board games.
Christmas Bells: A Special Guest Post by Tracey Warr, Author of Love's Knife (Trobairitz Sleuth Book 1) #HistoryWritersAdvent24
13 December 2024
Special Guest Post by Author Annie Whitehead: Lady Æthelflæd and Twelfth Night #HistoryWritersAdvent24
Shakespeare wrote a play, Twelfth Night, which inspired much of the plot of the film Shakespeare in Love, including the main character of Viola. In the film, Queen Elizabeth, so memorably portrayed by Dame Judi Dench, asks Master Shakespeare for a ‘comedy next time’, something for Twelfth Night. And we know immediately that the feast will be just that - a feast with revels.
Traditional activities at this time include eating ‘king cake’(with a bean inside it to represent the Christ child), singing Christmas carols - something most folk perhaps only do until Christmas Eve - chalking the door (writing numbers for the year and crosses), having one's house blessed, and attending church services.
There is also the tradition known as Wassailing - the practice of gathering in an orchard and drinking and singing in the hope of encouraging a good harvest later in the year. ‘Wassail’ comes from Old English ‘Wes hal’ (be whole i.e. good health), the language the Anglo-Saxons spoke. And the observance of Twelfth night is very old indeed.
In 567 A.D, the Second Council of Tours proclaimed the days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or Christmastide.
So we can be pretty sure that to the strongly religious Anglo-Saxons of the pious King Alfred the Great’s court, Twelfth Night was observed as a very special religious feast. (Alfred ruled from 871-899.)
Imagine then that you’re a little girl, maybe eight or nine years old. It’s been a long day, of service in the church and then a feast: you might have seen more than one type of meat on the table, because this was such a special occasion, and that could have been beef, mutton, goose or pork, either boiled or roasted. There might also have been shellfish from the nearby River Avon.
Any cheese served would have been ‘hard’ - there would have been nuts, too, probably hazel. A cereal ‘briw’ of barley, with leeks, onions, garlic or cabbage might also have been supplemented with dried peas or beans. Oh, and the drink… wine, mead, beer, and plenty of it.
How much King Alfred would have eaten is unknowable, but he was plagued by some form of digestive illness, so perhaps he showed some restraint. You, on the other hand, would probably have been allowed some watered ale or even a little wine and now, stuffed, you’re ready for bed. You have your younger brother close by, and your mother is tending your even younger siblings. You, as the daughter of the king, have nothing to fear. Or do you?
You’ve always been aware of the Viking threat, and known that your father often goes away to fight the invaders. You have bad dreams about scary, scaly monsters, because you’ve never seen an actual Viking and your imagination runs amok in the dark of the night. But not tonight. Not when all are gathered together and have been entertained with songs and stories. There might have been dancing too, and now you settle down, replete. And yet, for all the devotions, God appears not to be smiling on Alfred’s hall this night.
It was Alfred who commissioned the work we call the Anglo-Saxon-Chronicle, and the entry for 878, reads: ‘In this year in midwinter after twelfth night the enemy army came stealthily to Chippenham, and occupied the land of the West Saxons and settled there, and drove a great part of the people across the sea, and conquered most of the others; and the people submitted to them, except King Alfred.’
Alfred’s biographer, a contemporary, tells us that Alfred went with a small band of nobles into hiding ‘amid the woody and marshy places of Somerset. He had nothing to live on except what he could forage by frequent raids.’
Now, the Chronicle does just say ‘after twelfth night’ so it wasn’t necessarily on that very night, but the whole episode must have been terrifying for Alfred’s young children, and the scene in Chippenham forms one of the opening chapters in my novel about his eldest daughter, Æthelflæd. For dramatic purposes, I chose to set it on Twelfth Night itself.
The book charts her life, most of which was spent in Mercia, not Wessex, the land of her birth. Her tireless campaign to fight off the raiders, first alongside her husband and father, and then with her brother, is the stuff of legend. But to me, a huge part of her make-up was the fear of the unseen invaders, the night-terrors that their attacks had induced. And there is a pivotal moment later in the book when she meets one such ‘Viking’ and finally faces her fears.
It was an immense honour for me to spend time with this lady, taking what is known about her life and reimagining it as a tale of historical fiction. I really felt that I got to know her, as I pondered how she would react to the challenges in her life, challenges that started in early childhood and continued throughout her adulthood. I owe her a lot - this was the book which secured me an agent, and kickstarted my writing career. It also won me awards, as well as being longlisted for the Historical Novel Society Indie Book of the Year.
A few years ago, whilst taking photos for my first nonfiction book, I visited the site of her grave and was really quite overcome with emotion. Lady Æthelflæd was an extraordinary person, the only female ruler of an Anglo-Saxon kingdom, who was succeeded - albeit briefly - by her daughter. A woman ruler did not succeed a woman ruler again in England until the Tudor Age. So, if you’re reading this with a glass of mulled wine at this festive time of year, perhaps raise it in a toast to Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians. A woman who knew what it takes To Be A Queen.
Annie Whitehead
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About the Author:
Annie Whitehead is a prize-winning writer, historian, and Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and has written four award-winning novels set in ‘Anglo-Saxon’ Mercia. She has contributed to fiction and nonfiction anthologies and written for various magazines. She has twice been a prize winner in the Mail on Sunday Novel Writing Competition, and won First Prize in the 2012 New Writer Magazine's Prose and Poetry Competition. She has been a finalist in the Tom Howard Prize for nonfiction and was shortlisted for the Exeter Story Prize and Trisha Ashley Award 2021. She was the winner of the inaugural Historical Writers’ Association (HWA)/Dorothy Dunnett Prize 2017 and was subsequently a judge for that same competition. She has also been a judge for the HNS (Historical Novel Society) Short Story Competition, and is a 2024 judge for the HWA Crown Nonfiction Award. Her nonfiction books are Mercia: The Rise and Fall of a Kingdom and Women of Power in Anglo-Saxon England (Pen & Sword Books). In 2023 she contributed to a new history of English monarchs, published by Hodder & Stoughton, and in February 2025 Amberley Books will publish Murder in Anglo-Saxon England. Find out more from Annie's website https://anniewhiteheadauthor.co.uk/ and find her om Facebook and Twitter @AnnieWHistory








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